#pragma once

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// IMPORTANT: This is a header-only library that is included
// by the graphics engine as well.  It cannot contain references
// to anything else in the engine.
//
/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstring>
#include <string_view>
#include <type_traits>

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// BaseLuaValue
//
// A struct that holds a dynamically typed value.
// This can hold a string, token, number, vector, or boolean.
//
// The type is stored in the 'type' field.
//
// If it's a STRING, the value is in the field s
// If it's a TOKEN, the value is stored in the field s
// If it's a NUMBER, the value is in the field x
// If it's a BOOLEAN, it's true if (x==1.0)
// If it's a VECTOR, the value is in x,y,z
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

enum class LuaValueType {
    UNINITIALIZED,
    STRING,
    TOKEN,
    NUMBER,
    BOOLEAN,
    VECTOR,
};

template<class STRING>
struct BaseLuaValue {
    using string = STRING;
    LuaValueType type;
    double x, y, z;
    string s;
    
    BaseLuaValue() {
        type = LuaValueType::UNINITIALIZED;
        x=y=z=0;
    }

    static const char *type_name_of(LuaValueType t) {
        switch (t) {
            case LuaValueType::UNINITIALIZED: return "uninitialized";
            case LuaValueType::STRING: return "string";
            case LuaValueType::TOKEN: return "token";
            case LuaValueType::BOOLEAN: return "boolean";
            case LuaValueType::NUMBER: return "number";
            case LuaValueType::VECTOR: return "vector";
            default: return "unknown";
        }
    }

    const char *type_name() const {
        return type_name_of(type);
    }

    void set_uninitialized() {
        type=LuaValueType::UNINITIALIZED; s.clear(); x=y=z=0;
    }

    void set_string(std::string_view is) {
        type=LuaValueType::STRING; s=is; x=y=z=0;
    }

    void set_token(std::string_view is) {
        type=LuaValueType::TOKEN; s=is; x=y=z=0;
    }

    void set_number(double n) {
        type = LuaValueType::NUMBER; s.clear(); x=n; y=z=0;
    }

    void set_boolean(bool b) {
        type = LuaValueType::BOOLEAN; s.clear(); x=(b?1:0); y=z=0;
    }

    void set_vector(double ix, double iy, double iz) {
        type = LuaValueType::VECTOR; s.clear(); x=ix; y=iy; z=iz;
    }

    void copy_value(const BaseLuaValue &other) {
        type = other.type;
        s=other.s; x=other.x; y=other.y; z=other.z;
    }
};

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// DataSerializer
//
// DataSerializer is an object that can serialize ints,
// strings, floats, and other basic types.  It provides a
// consistent standard for the byte formats.
//
// To serialize, first construct a DataSerializer, passing
// in a pointer to an output device.  An output device is
// any class that has these methods and type aliases:
//
//      void write_bytes(const char *data, size_t len);
//      void raise_integer_truncated();
//
//      using fvector_type = ...;   // needed for write_xyz
//      using dvector_type = ...;   // needed for write_dxyz
//      using luavalue_type = ...;  // needed for write_lua_value
//
// After constructing the DataSerializer, call write_int,
// write_float, write_string, or the like.  The data will be
// written to the output device using write_bytes.  If
// there's an error, a 'raise' method may be called on the
// output device.
//
// It is intended that the compiler will optimize this
// process to such a degree that it costs no more than
// simply calling write_bytes directly on the output
// device.  In other words, it is our intent that the
// use of a DataSerializer should be free.
// 
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

template<class OutputDevice>
class DataSerializer {
private:
    OutputDevice *output_;

    template<class T>
    void write_value_core(T arg) {
        output_->write_bytes((const char *)&arg, sizeof(arg));
    }

    template<class T, class XT>
    void write_int_core(XT arg) {
        T reduced = arg;
        if (XT(reduced) != arg) output_->raise_integer_truncated();
        output_->write_bytes((const char *)&reduced, sizeof(reduced));
    }

public:
    DataSerializer(OutputDevice *o) : output_(o) {}

    void write_uint8(uint64_t data) { write_int_core<uint8_t, uint64_t>(data); }
    void write_uint16(uint64_t data) { write_int_core<uint16_t, uint64_t>(data); }
    void write_uint32(uint64_t data) { write_int_core<uint32_t, uint64_t>(data); }
    void write_uint64(uint64_t data) { write_int_core<uint64_t, uint64_t>(data); }
    void write_int8(int64_t data) { write_int_core<int8_t, int64_t>(data); }
    void write_int16(int64_t data) { write_int_core<int16_t, int64_t>(data); }
    void write_int32(int64_t data) { write_int_core<int32_t, int64_t>(data); }
    void write_int64(int64_t data) { write_int_core<int64_t, int64_t>(data); }
    
    void write_bool(bool b) { write_uint8(b ? 1:0); }
    void write_char(char c) { write_value_core(c); }
    void write_float(float arg) { write_value_core(arg); }
    void write_double(double arg) { write_value_core(arg); }

    void write_length(size_t len) {
        if (len >= 255) {
            write_uint8(0xFF);
            write_uint64(len);
        } else {
            write_uint8(len);
        }
    }

    void write_string(std::string_view s) {
        write_length(s.size());
        output_->write_bytes(s.data(), s.size());
    }

    void write_lua_value_type(LuaValueType tag) {
        write_uint8(uint8_t(tag));
    }

    template<class FV>
    void write_xyz(const FV &v) {
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<FV, typename OutputDevice::fvector_type>);
        if constexpr (requires { v.x; }) {
            write_float(v.x); write_float(v.y); write_float(v.z);
        } else {
            write_float(v.X); write_float(v.Y); write_float(v.Z);
        }
    }

    template<class DV>
    void write_dxyz(const DV &v) {
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<DV, typename OutputDevice::dvector_type>);
        if constexpr (requires { v.x; }) {
            write_double(v.x); write_double(v.y); write_double(v.z);
        } else {
            write_double(v.X); write_double(v.Y); write_double(v.Z);
        }
    }

    template<class LV>
    void write_lua_value(const LV &sd) {
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<LV, typename OutputDevice::luavalue_type>);
        write_lua_value_type(sd.type);
        switch(sd.type) {
            case LuaValueType::STRING: write_string(sd.s); break;
            case LuaValueType::TOKEN: write_string(sd.s); break;
            case LuaValueType::NUMBER: write_double(sd.x); break;
            case LuaValueType::BOOLEAN: write_bool(sd.x == 1.0); break;
            case LuaValueType::VECTOR: write_double(sd.x); write_double(sd.y); write_double(sd.z); break;
            default: assert(false);
        }
    }
};


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// DataDeserializer
//
// DataDeserializer is an object that can deserialize ints,
// strings, floats, and other basic types.  It provides a
// consistent standard for the byte formats.
//
// To deserialize, first construct a DataDeserializer, passing
// in a pointer to an input device.  An input device is
// any class that has these methods and type aliases:
//
//      void read_bytes_into(char *data, size_t len);
//      void raise_string_too_long();
//
//      using string_type = ...;    // needed for read_string
//      using fvector_type = ...;   // needed for read_xyz
//      using dvector_type = ...;   // needed for read_dxyz
//      using luavalue_type = ...;  // needed for read_lua_value
//
// After constructing the DataDeserializer, call read_int,
// read_float, read_string, or the like.  The data will be
// read from the input device using read_bytes_into.  If
// there's an error, a 'raise' method may be called on the
// input device.
//
// It is intended that the compiler will optimize this
// process to such a degree that it costs no more than
// simply calling read_bytes_into directly on the input
// device.  In other words, it is our intent that the
// use of a DataDeserializer should be free.
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

template<class InputDevice>
class DataDeserializer {
private:
    InputDevice *input_;

    template<class T>
    T read_value_core() {
        T result;
        input_->read_bytes_into((char *)(&result), sizeof(result));
        return result;
    }

public:
    DataDeserializer(InputDevice *i) : input_(i) {}

    uint8_t read_uint8() { return read_value_core<uint8_t>(); }
    uint16_t read_uint16() { return read_value_core<uint16_t>(); }
    uint32_t read_uint32() { return read_value_core<uint32_t>(); }
    uint64_t read_uint64() { return read_value_core<uint64_t>(); }
    int8_t read_int8() { return read_value_core<int8_t>(); }
    int16_t read_int16() { return read_value_core<int16_t>(); }
    int32_t read_int32() { return read_value_core<int32_t>(); }
    int64_t read_int64() { return read_value_core<int64_t>(); }

    bool read_bool() { return (bool)read_uint8(); }
    char read_char() { return read_value_core<char>(); }
    float read_float() { return read_value_core<float>(); }
    double read_double() { return read_value_core<double>(); }

    size_t read_length() {
        uint64_t len = read_uint8();
        if (len == 255) len = read_uint64();
        return len;
    }

    auto read_string_limit(uint64_t limit) {
        using ST = typename InputDevice::string_type;
        size_t len = read_length();
        if (len > limit) {
            input_->raise_string_too_long();
            len = 0;
        }
        ST result(len, ' ');
        input_->read_bytes_into(&(result[0]), len);
        return result;
    }

    auto read_string() {
        return read_string_limit(0x1000000); // 16MB limit default
    }

    auto read_xyz() {
        using FV = typename InputDevice::fvector_type;
        float x = read_float(), y = read_float(), z = read_float();
        return FV(x, y, z);
    }

    auto read_dxyz() {
        using DV = typename InputDevice::dvector_type;
        double x = read_double(), y = read_double(), z = read_double();
        return DV(x, y, z);
    }

    LuaValueType read_lua_value_type() {
        return LuaValueType(read_uint8());
    }

    template<class LV>
    void read_lua_value(LV *result) {
        static_assert(std::is_same_v<LV, typename InputDevice::luavalue_type>);
        LuaValueType type = read_lua_value_type();
        switch (type) {
            case LuaValueType::STRING: result->set_string(read_string()); break;
            case LuaValueType::TOKEN: result->set_token(read_string()); break;
            case LuaValueType::NUMBER: result->set_number(read_double()); break;
            case LuaValueType::BOOLEAN: result->set_boolean(read_bool()); break;
            case LuaValueType::VECTOR: {
                double x=read_double();
                double y=read_double();
                double z=read_double();
                result->set_vector(x,y,z);
                break;
            }
            default: result->set_uninitialized(); break;
        }
    }
};

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
// Class BaseBuffer
//
// You must supply a BaseBufferConfig which must define these:
//
//     using string_type = ...;     // string type for read_string
//     using fvector_type = ...;    // vector type for read/write_xyz
//     using dvector_type = ...;    // vector type for read/write_dxyz
//     using luavalue_type = ...;   // lua value type for read/write_lua_value
//     void *basebuffer_malloc(size_t size);
//     void  basebuffer_free(void *data);
//     void  clear_error_flags();
//     void  raise_eof_on_read();
//     void  raise_string_too_long();
//     void  raise_integer_truncated();
//
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

template<class BaseBufferConfig>
class BaseBuffer : public BaseBufferConfig {
private:

    // True if we own this buffer.
    bool owned_;
    
    // True if we're not allowed to expand this buffer.
    bool fixed_size_;

    // Start and end of the allocated block.
    char *buf_lo_;
    char *buf_hi_;

    // The write and read cursors.
    char *write_cursor_;
    char *read_cursor_;

    // Number of bytes read before buffer was last aligned.
    int64_t pre_read_count_;

public:
    using string_type = typename BaseBufferConfig::string_type;
    using fvector_type = typename BaseBufferConfig::fvector_type;
    using dvector_type = typename BaseBufferConfig::dvector_type;
    using luavalue_type = typename BaseBufferConfig::luavalue_type;

private:
    using DS = DataSerializer<BaseBuffer<BaseBufferConfig>>;
    using DD = DataDeserializer<BaseBuffer<BaseBufferConfig>>;

    void init(bool fixed, bool owned, char *buf, int64_t size) {
        BaseBufferConfig::clear_error_flags();
        owned_ = owned;
        fixed_size_ = fixed;
        buf_lo_ = buf;
        buf_hi_ = buf_lo_ + size;
        read_cursor_ = buf_lo_;
        write_cursor_ = buf_lo_;
        pre_read_count_ = 0;
    }

public:

    // Construct an empty buffer.
    //
    BaseBuffer() {
        init(false, true, 0, 0);
    }

    // Construct an empty buffer, preallocate the specified amount of space.
    //
    BaseBuffer(int64_t size, bool fixed) {
        assert(size >= 0);
        init(fixed, true, (char *)BaseBufferConfig::basebuffer_malloc(size), size);
    }

    // Construct a streambuffer that reads from an external block of bytes.
    //
    BaseBuffer(std::string_view data) {
        init(true, false, const_cast<char *>(data.data()), data.size());
        write_cursor_ = buf_hi_;
    }

    // Modify an existing streambuffer to read from an external block of bytes.
    //
    void open(std::string_view data) {
        if (owned_ && (buf_lo_ != 0)) BaseBufferConfig::basebuffer_free(buf_lo_);
        init(true, false, const_cast<char *>(data.data()), data.size());
        write_cursor_ = buf_hi_;
    }
    
    // Destructor.  Frees the buffer, if any.
    //
    ~BaseBuffer() {
        if (owned_ && (buf_lo_ != 0)) BaseBufferConfig::basebuffer_free(buf_lo_);
    }

    // Return the total number of bytes ever read.
    //
    int64_t total_reads() const {
        return (read_cursor_ - buf_lo_) + pre_read_count_;
    }

    // Return the total number of bytes ever written.
    //
    int64_t total_writes() const {
        return (write_cursor_ - buf_lo_) + pre_read_count_;
    }

    // Return the total bytes in the buffer.
    //
    int64_t fill() const {
        return write_cursor_ - read_cursor_;
    }

    // Checks to see if the buffer is empty.
    //
    bool empty() const {
        return write_cursor_ == read_cursor_;
    }

    // Return the contents as a string_view.
    //
    std::string_view view() const {
        return std::string_view(read_cursor_, write_cursor_ - read_cursor_);
    }

    // Make the specified amount of space in the buffer for writing.
    //
    char *make_space(int64_t bytes) {
        int64_t available = buf_hi_ - write_cursor_;
        if (available < bytes) make_space_slow(bytes);
        return write_cursor_;
    }

    // Used after calling make_space then filling the space.
    //
    void wrote_space(int64_t bytes) {
        int64_t available = buf_hi_ - write_cursor_;
        assert(bytes >= 0);
        assert(available >= bytes);
        write_cursor_ += bytes;
    }

    // Rewind the read cursor to a previous position.
    //
    void unread_to(int64_t rd_count) {
        assert(rd_count >= pre_read_count_);
        assert(rd_count <= total_reads());
        read_cursor_ = buf_lo_ + (rd_count - pre_read_count_);
    }

    // Rewind the write cursor to a previous position.
    //
    void unwrite_to(int64_t wr_count) {
        assert(wr_count >= total_reads());
        assert(wr_count <= total_writes());
        write_cursor_ = buf_lo_ + (wr_count - pre_read_count_);
    }

    // Discard all data.  Reset total read and write counts.
    // May release the allocated buffer, if it is large.
    //
    void clear() {
        if (!owned_) {
            open("");
        } else {
            if ((!fixed_size_) && (buf_lo_ != nullptr) && ((buf_hi_ - buf_lo_) > 100000)) {
                BaseBufferConfig::basebuffer_free(buf_lo_);
                buf_lo_ = nullptr;
                buf_hi_ = nullptr;
            }
            read_cursor_ = buf_lo_;
            write_cursor_ = buf_lo_;
            pre_read_count_ = 0;
        }
    }

    // Write block of bytes into the buffer.
    //
    void write_bytes(const char *data, size_t size) {
        make_space(size);
        memcpy(write_cursor_, data, size);
        write_cursor_ += size;
    }

    void write_bytes(std::string_view s) {
        write_bytes(s.data(), s.size());
    }

    // Copy the contents of this buffer into another buffer.
    //
    void copy_into(BaseBuffer *sb) {
        sb->write_bytes(view());
    }

    // Check if the contents of this buffer are equal to another.
    //
    bool contents_equal(const BaseBuffer *sb) const {
        return view() == sb->view();
    }

    // Read bytes into a caller-supplied buffer.
    //
    // This is the primitive read operation used by DataDeserializer.
    // If there aren't enough bytes, calls raise_eof_on_read and
    // fills the buffer with zeros.
    //
    void read_bytes_into(char *data, size_t size) {
        int64_t avail = write_cursor_ - read_cursor_;
        if (avail < int64_t(size)) {
            BaseBufferConfig::raise_eof_on_read();
            memset(data, 0, size);
            return;
        }
        memcpy(data, read_cursor_, size);
        read_cursor_ += size;
    }

    // Read a block of bytes from the buffer.
    //
    // Caution: the pointer returned is a pointer to the stream's buffer.
    // It is only valid until you mutate the buffer. If the bytes aren't
    // there, calls 'raise_eof_on_read', and then returns nullptr.
    //
    const char *read_bytes(int64_t bytes) {
        int64_t avail = write_cursor_ - read_cursor_;
        if (avail < bytes) {
            BaseBufferConfig::raise_eof_on_read();
            return nullptr;
        }
        char *data = read_cursor_;
        read_cursor_ += bytes;
        return data;
    }

    
    // Write methods — delegate to DataSerializer.
    //
    void write_uint8(uint64_t data)  { DS(this).write_uint8(data); }
    void write_uint16(uint64_t data) { DS(this).write_uint16(data); }
    void write_uint32(uint64_t data) { DS(this).write_uint32(data); }
    void write_uint64(uint64_t data) { DS(this).write_uint64(data); }
    void write_int8(int64_t data)    { DS(this).write_int8(data); }
    void write_int16(int64_t data)   { DS(this).write_int16(data); }
    void write_int32(int64_t data)   { DS(this).write_int32(data); }
    void write_int64(int64_t data)   { DS(this).write_int64(data); }
    void write_bool(bool b)          { DS(this).write_bool(b); }
    void write_char(char c)          { DS(this).write_char(c); }
    void write_float(float arg)      { DS(this).write_float(arg); }
    void write_double(double arg)    { DS(this).write_double(arg); }
    void write_length(size_t len)    { DS(this).write_length(len); }
    void write_string(std::string_view s) { DS(this).write_string(s); }
    void write_lua_value_type(LuaValueType tag) { DS(this).write_lua_value_type(tag); }
    void write_xyz(const fvector_type &v)    { DS(this).write_xyz(v); }
    void write_dxyz(const dvector_type &v)   { DS(this).write_dxyz(v); }
    void write_lua_value(const luavalue_type &sd) { DS(this).write_lua_value(sd); }

    // Read methods — delegate to DataDeserializer.
    //
    uint8_t read_uint8()   { return DD(this).read_uint8(); }
    uint16_t read_uint16() { return DD(this).read_uint16(); }
    uint32_t read_uint32() { return DD(this).read_uint32(); }
    uint64_t read_uint64() { return DD(this).read_uint64(); }
    int8_t read_int8()     { return DD(this).read_int8(); }
    int16_t read_int16()   { return DD(this).read_int16(); }
    int32_t read_int32()   { return DD(this).read_int32(); }
    int64_t read_int64()   { return DD(this).read_int64(); }
    bool read_bool()       { return DD(this).read_bool(); }
    char read_char()       { return DD(this).read_char(); }
    float read_float()     { return DD(this).read_float(); }
    double read_double()   { return DD(this).read_double(); }
    size_t read_length()   { return DD(this).read_length(); }
    string_type read_string_limit(uint64_t limit) { return DD(this).read_string_limit(limit); }
    string_type read_string() { return DD(this).read_string(); }
    LuaValueType read_lua_value_type() { return DD(this).read_lua_value_type(); }
    fvector_type read_xyz()  { return DD(this).read_xyz(); }
    dvector_type read_dxyz() { return DD(this).read_dxyz(); }
    void read_lua_value(luavalue_type *result) { DD(this).read_lua_value(result); }

    // Read a string as a string_view.
    //
    // This is BaseBuffer-specific — it returns a view directly into
    // the buffer, avoiding a copy.
    //
    std::string_view read_string_view_limit(uint64_t limit) {
        size_t length = read_length();
        if (length > limit) {
            BaseBufferConfig::raise_string_too_long();
            return std::string_view();
        }
        int64_t avail = write_cursor_ - read_cursor_;
        if (avail < int64_t(length)) {
            BaseBufferConfig::raise_eof_on_read();
            return std::string_view();
        }
        std::string_view result(read_cursor_, length);
        read_cursor_ += length;
        return result;
    }

    // Read a string as a string_view.
    //
    std::string_view read_string_view() {
        return read_string_view_limit(0x1000000);
    }

    // Attempt to do a "readline".  If there is no newline in
    // the buffer, returns empty string.  If there is a newline,
    // returns a block of text that ends in newline.
    //
    string_type readline() {
        char *p = read_cursor_;
        while ((p < write_cursor_) && (*p != '\n')) p++;
        if (p == write_cursor_) {
            return string_type();
        } else {
            p++;
            string_type result(read_cursor_, p - read_cursor_);
            read_cursor_ = p;
            return result;
        }
    }

    // Overwrite values previously written to the buffer.
    //
    // See the comment at the top of this file for an explanation.
    //
    void overwrite_int8(int64_t write_count_after, int64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<int8_t, int64_t>(write_count_after, v); }
    void overwrite_int16(int64_t write_count_after, int64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<int16_t, int64_t>(write_count_after, v); }
    void overwrite_int32(int64_t write_count_after, int64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<int32_t, int64_t>(write_count_after, v); }
    void overwrite_int64(int64_t write_count_after, int64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<int64_t, int64_t>(write_count_after, v); }
    void overwrite_uint8(int64_t write_count_after, uint64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<uint8_t, uint64_t>(write_count_after, v); }
    void overwrite_uint16(int64_t write_count_after, uint64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<uint16_t, uint64_t>(write_count_after, v); }
    void overwrite_uint32(int64_t write_count_after, uint64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<uint32_t, uint64_t>(write_count_after, v); }
    void overwrite_uint64(int64_t write_count_after, uint64_t v) { overwrite_int_core<uint64_t, uint64_t>(write_count_after, v); }

    // This is for unit testing.
    //
    bool layout_is(int64_t a, int64_t b, int64_t c) {
        if (read_cursor_ - buf_lo_ != a) return false;
        if (write_cursor_ - read_cursor_ != b) return false;
        if (buf_hi_ - write_cursor_ != c) return false;
        return true;
    }

private:
    void make_space_slow(int64_t bytes) {
        assert(owned_ && "We don't own this buffer, can't grow it");

        // Decide whether the current buffer is big enough.
        int64_t data_size = (write_cursor_ - read_cursor_);
        int64_t existing_size = (buf_hi_ - buf_lo_);
        int64_t desired_size = 8192 + ((data_size + bytes) * 2);

        // Update some simple things.
        pre_read_count_ += (read_cursor_ - buf_lo_);

        // Move the data to the beginning of the buffer, or to
        // the beginning of a new buffer.
        if (fixed_size_) {
            assert((data_size + bytes <= existing_size) && "Not enough space in fixed-size buffer");
            if (data_size > 0) memcpy(buf_lo_, read_cursor_, data_size);
        } else if (existing_size >= desired_size) {
            if (data_size > 0) memcpy(buf_lo_, read_cursor_, data_size);
        } else {
            char *nbuf = (char *)BaseBufferConfig::basebuffer_malloc(desired_size);
            if (data_size > 0) memcpy(nbuf, read_cursor_, data_size);
            if (buf_lo_ != nullptr) BaseBufferConfig::basebuffer_free(buf_lo_);
            buf_lo_ = nbuf;
            buf_hi_ = nbuf + desired_size;
        }

        // Update the pointers to the data region.
        read_cursor_ = buf_lo_;
        write_cursor_ = buf_lo_ + data_size;
    }

    template<class T, class XT>
    void overwrite_int_core(int64_t write_count_after, XT vv) {
        T v = vv;
        assert(XT(v) == vv);
        int64_t write_count_before = write_count_after - sizeof(v);
        assert(write_count_before >= total_reads());
        assert(write_count_after <= total_writes());
        void *target = buf_lo_ + (write_count_before - pre_read_count_);
        memcpy(target, &v, sizeof(v));
    }
};