//
// eng-malloc
//
// The engine has its own private eng::malloc which it uses to allocate
// everything.  The engine's malloc heap only contains engine data structures.
// This helps achieve determinism when playing a replay log.
//
// About determinism: one of the key rules for maintaining deterministic
// behavior is to not ever use operations that execute in arbitrary order.
// For example, don't iterate over an unordered map, because there's no
// rule about what order the items are produced.  They could be produced
// in a different order during replay than during the original recording.
// Actually, you can occasionally get away with it
//
// The engine's eng::malloc is a thin wrapper around Doug Lea's Malloc, a good
// general-purpose single-threaded malloc.  It's probably not the fastest any
// more (it was, once), but it's still quite good.  It's also fairly easy
// to work with.
//
// In order to get all engine data structures into the eng::malloc heap, you
// need to jump through quite a few hoops:
//
// * When writing a class that gets allocated using operator new,
//   always derive from eng::opnew.  This adds a custom operator new
//   to your class, which causes your class to be allocated using eng::malloc.
//   If you write a class that isn't ever supposed to be allocated using
//   operator new, derive from eng::nevernew instead.
//
// * When using STL containers, you need to use the eng variant:
//   eng::map, eng::set, eng::vector, eng::unordered_map, eng::unordered_set,
//   and eng::deque.  These classes derive from eng::opnew, and they also
//   use eng::malloc for their internal nodes.
//
// * Use eng::string instead of std::string.  Use eng::ostringstream
//   instead of std::ostringstream.
//
// * Simple classes like std::pair, std::string_view, std::less, std::hash, and
//   so forth are not wrapped, because it is not normal to allocate these
//   classes using operator new.  Do not use operator new or delete on
//   these classes.
//
// * Instead of std::make_shared, use eng::make_shared.  You need this
//   because std::make_shared doesn't respect your custom operator new.
//
// * Failing to jump through all these hoops won't break your code in any
//   obvious way - you'll just have some of your data structures in the malloc
//   heap instead of the eng::malloc heap.  This won't break
//   determinism unless you iterate over a data structure like an unordered map
//   but it creates a situation where we can't detect
//   nondeterminism.
//
// * Sometimes we deliberately put certain data structures into the malloc
//   heap, because we know that those particular data structures won't be
//   identical between record and replay.  In that situation, the fact that
//   we don't detect the nondeterminism is actually a benefit.
//
// * Be aware that most C++ streams use the system malloc heap, and there's no
//   way to change that.   That's ok, it's fine if some small percentage of our
//   data goes into the malloc heap.  By the way, eng::ostringstream uses
//   the eng::malloc heap.
//
#ifndef ENG_MALLOC_HPP
#define ENG_MALLOC_HPP

#include <cstddef>
#include <memory>
#include <cassert>

namespace eng {
#ifdef __linux__
void* malloc(size_t x);
void  free(void *p);
void* realloc(void*, size_t);
int   memhash();
#else
inline void *malloc(size_t x) { return ::malloc(x); }
inline void  free(void *p) { return ::free(p); }
inline void *realloc(void *p, size_t x) { return ::realloc(p, x); }
inline int   memhash() { return 0; }
#endif
} // namespace eng

// An allocator for lua states that uses eng::malloc and eng::free
namespace eng {
    inline void *l_alloc(void *ud, void *ptr, size_t osize, size_t nsize) {
        if (nsize == 0) {
            ::eng::free(ptr);
            return NULL;
        } else {
            return ::eng::realloc(ptr, nsize);
        }
    }
} // namespace eng

// eng_allocator is similar to std::allocator, but allocates
// objects using eng::malloc and eng::free.
template <class T>
class eng_allocator
{
public:
    using value_type    = T;
    eng_allocator() noexcept {}
    template <class U> eng_allocator(eng_allocator<U> const&) noexcept {}

    value_type* allocate(std::size_t n)
    {
        return static_cast<value_type*>(eng::malloc(n*sizeof(value_type)));
    }

    void deallocate(value_type* p, std::size_t) noexcept
    {
        eng::free(p);
    }
};

// Another name for eng_allocator is eng::allocator.
namespace eng {
    template<class T>
    using allocator = ::eng_allocator<T>;
} // namespace eng

// Mandated equality and inequality operators for eng_allocator.
template <class T, class U>
bool operator==(const eng_allocator<T> &, const eng_allocator<U> &) noexcept
{
    return true;
}
template <class T, class U>
bool operator!=(const eng_allocator<T> &, const eng_allocator<U> &) noexcept
{
    return false;
}

// eng::opnew.  A class containing operator new and operator delete,
// meant to be used as a base class for inheritance.
namespace eng {
    class opnew {
    public:
        void *operator new(size_t size)
        {
            return ::eng::malloc(size);
        }

        void operator delete(void *p, size_t size)
        {
            return ::eng::free(p);
        }

        void *operator new[](size_t size)
        {
            return ::eng::malloc(size);
        }

        void operator delete[](void *p, size_t size)
        {
            return ::eng::free(p);
        }
    };
} // namespace eng

// eng::nevernew.  A class containing private operator new and
// operator delete, making it impossible to 'new' the class.
// This means the class must be embedded as a field in some other
// class, and it gets allocated when its enclosing object gets
// allocated.
namespace eng {
    class nevernew {
    private:
        void *operator new(size_t size)
        {
            assert(false && "not supposed to 'new' this class");
        }

        void operator delete(void *p, size_t size)
        {
            assert(false && "not supposed to 'delete' this class");
        }

        void *operator new[](size_t size)
        {
            assert(false && "not supposed to 'new' this class");
        }

        void operator delete[](void *p, size_t size)
        {
            assert(false && "not supposed to 'delete' this class");
        }
    };
} // namespace eng


// eng::make_shared allocates shared objects using eng::malloc.
namespace eng {
    template<class T, class... Args>
    inline ::std::shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args&&... args) {
        return std::allocate_shared<T>(eng::allocator<T>(), args...);
    }
} // namespace eng

// eng::make_unique doesn't do anything different than std::make_unique: they
// both use operator new and delete.  You must derive from eng::opnew to change
// operator new and delete.
namespace eng {
    template<class T, class... Args>
    inline ::std::unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args) {
        return std::make_unique<T>(args...);
    }
} // namespace eng

#endif // ENG_MALLOC_HPP